9.09.2009
CAC Letter to Town Board on November 13, 2008
David Reagon
CAC Chairperson Town of Amenia
23 Benson Road
Wassaic, NY 12592 November 13, 2008
Amenia Supervisor Wayne Euvrard and Town Board Members
Amenia Town Hall
Mechanic Street
Amenia, NY 12501
Dear Supervisor Euvrard and Town Board Members,
One of the functions of the CAC is to advise the Town Board on environmental matters. Accordingly, as chairperson, I am alerting you to the potential for serious negative impacts to the groundwater that may be occurring at Allen Sand and Gravel on Old Route 22 between the hamlets of Wassaic and Amenia as a result of the composting operation presently going on there.
The Allen site is over an area designated in the Amenia Comprehensive Plan as being in the Valley Bottom Aquifer of the Aquifer Overlay District. The Amenia Zoning recognizes the importance of this District to the Town’s water supply and strictly regulates the activities that can take place there. The Zoning Administrator, as a result of two separate complaints, has ruled the composting operation is a solid waste issue, the Town Attorney has agreed with this ruling and a stop work order has been issued.
As you can see from the enclosed photos taken last week from a location off the site, the material being processed there contains an abundance of non-organic material that has been brought on site for processing. If this much visible material non-organic trash is being brought on site, how easy would it be to bring in material, unknowingly or otherwise, that is not easily separated from the waste stream and can become a threat to the groundwater supply?
A composting operation can be an environmentally sound thing, but the location of this operation with the potential for contaminating the groundwater as it poses does not belong there. It should not be issued a special permit, nor should the zoning be altered to accommodate such operations in the future. Amenia has had more than its quota of dumping operations that threaten the drinking water supply. Do we really need another one to worry about and, possibly, have to remediate in the future?
Please read through the CAC’s short article “Groundwater in Amenia” included with this letter and look at the Zoning language also included. They both contain useful information for everyone in general and Town Board members in particular.
Sincerely, David Reagon, CAC Chair
From Town of Amenia August 4, 2009
CAC Letter to Town Board on August 18, 2009
David Reagon
CAC Chairperson, Town of Amenia
23 Benson Road
Wassaic, NY 12592
August 18, 2009
Amenia Supervisor Wayne Euvrard and Town Board Members
Amenia Town Hall
Mechanic Street
Amenia, NY 12501
Dear Supervisor Euvrard and Town Board Members,
On November 13, 2008 on behalf of the CAC, I sent you and the Town Board a letter alerting you to a situation at Allen Sand and Gravel in Wassaic. The problem was a composting operation that was operating there. Also included were pictures of the operation, a copy of “Groundwater in Amenia”, and relevant information from the zoning code. To date, we have received no reply to our letter.
At our last meeting in July 2009, we discussed this issue again and agreed that we need to pursue the issue. We have the following questions:
Much of the material classified as “solid waste” last year has not been removed. Is it still being processed on site? Why wasn’t it removed? If it were possible to truck the material in, then it should have been possible to truck it out.
What is the new material that has been trucked into the site?
What is the origin of this material?
Has this new material been checked for the presence of heavy metals?
Has this new material been processed according to existing NYS 360 regulations? Can you confirm this?
Is solid waste being burned on the site? There were fires there last week that generated large quantities of smoke. There were also reports of odors from the site.
How close is the water table under this site?
What are they making at the site?
What is the environmental track record of both the company bringing in the material and Allen Sand and Gravel? Do they have a record of violations with the NYS DEC?
What action has the zoning administrator taken on this site?
Rumors persist that the site will be re-zoned to allow composting on the site. This would also allow solid waste to be processed over the aquifer. Is there any truth to these rumors? Why would the Town Board even consider endangering the quality of the groundwater? Revising the zoning will not alter the fact that an important drinking water source underlies the site.
The Allen site is over an area designated in the Amenia Comprehensive Plan as being in the Valley Bottom Aquifer of the Aquifer Overlay District. The Amenia Zoning recognizes the importance of this District to the Town’s water supply and strictly regulates the activities that can take place there.
A composting operation can be an environmentally sound thing, but the location of this operation with the potential for contaminating the groundwater does not belong there. It should not be issued a special permit, nor should the zoning be altered to accommodate such operations in the future. Amenia has had more than its quota of dumping operations that threaten the drinking water supply. Do we really need another one to worry about and, possibly, have to remediate in the future?
Water supply and quality problems in Amenia have been exclusively focused on the Hamlet of Amenia, with good reason. Two very large developments that are far along in the approval process will use large amounts of groundwater, and the proposed sewer system for Amenia will depend on having an adequate supply of water to function. One of the major wells in the Amenia Water District produces water that cannot be used until it has been diluted by water from another well, which reduces the nitrogen concentration of the water. Compounding the problem is the potential for a supply crisis should the largest well in the system fail.
Given that most people in the Town rely on groundwater from their private wells, why would the Town Board consider anything that would have the potential for damaging this all-important resource? The valley between the hamlets of Amenia and Wassaic contains an enormous amount of high quality groundwater that everyone in Wassaic depends on and in the near future may be needed to augment Amenia’s water supply. It is critically important to protect this water.
Sincerely,
David Reagon, CAC Chair
NY TIMES: Clean Water Acts are Neglected, at a Cost in Human Suffering
Flood April 15, 2007
The (nearly) Perfect Storm hits Wassaic April 15-17th 2007
On April 15, 2007 a major storm formed over the Carolina coast and moved northward over New York and New England resulting in heavy rains and extensive flooding especially in parts of Eastern Dutchess County including Dover Plains and Wassaic. At least five inches of rain fell over the area in a short time, which caused the Tenmile River to peak well above flood levels at the United States Geological Survey’s gauging station in Wingdale. It was the fifth highest river level recorded at the site in over 70 years of recorded data, exceeded only by major storm events such as the Great Hurricane of 1938 and Hurricanes Connie and Diane in August 1955. Major flooding resulted in a state of emergency being declared in Dover Plains and Amenia as small streams burst over their banks flooding homes, ripping up roadways, and destroying bridges. In Amenia, Wassaic was particularly hard hit. This article will explore some of the factors, both natural and manmade, that combined and contributed to the flooding.
The village of Wassaic is located in the bottom of a steep-sided valley at the junction of two streams, Wassaic Creek and Amenia Stream. Both streams drain large areas and funnel water into the narrow confines of the valley where the village is located. Much of the village is built on floodplain and both streams have had their natural courses straightened and confined by stonewalls. In fact, the village is built on and in the original streambeds. Calsi’s Market has the dubious distinction of being over Amenia Stream. As a result, flooding is not an unusual or unexpected event in Wassaic. Major flooding occurred in 1936, 1938, and 1955. A break up of ice in Deep Hollow resulted in large blocks of ice flowing through town in the 1930’s.
Human Impacts in the Drainage Basin
In any rainfall event, water will either soak into the ground, run off into a stream, or evaporate back into the air. The amount of water that runs off versus the amount that soaks in, or infiltrates, is determined by a number of easily understood factors.
Two important factors are porosity, which is the amount of open space, or pores, between soil grains and rock particles and permeability, which is a measure of how easily water can flow between the pores. In general, the greater the porosity and permeability of a soil or a rock, the more readily water can soak into the ground instead of running off to a stream. If the rate of rainfall exceeds the rate of infiltration, runoff will occur. The unaltered soils in the valley bottom near Wassaic mostly have high porosity and permeability. The rocks of the surrounding ridges are less permeable and more prone to runoff.
Humans build impermeable structures including roads, parking lots, roofs, sidewalks, and even large areas of lawn, which will decrease the entry of water into the soil, increase runoff to streams, and increase the threat of flooding. There has been a substantial increase in the amount of impermeable surface in Amenia in the last few decades.
Examples of impermeable structures: Metro North Railroad Station in Wassaic, Harlem Valley Rail Trail, and NYS Rt. 22.
Other human impacts include bridges and culverts that may create “choke points” during periods of high runoff when debris dams up water behind them until they are breached or failure occurs with catastrophic effects downstream.
April 16, 2007: Water ponding upstream behind bridge over Wassaic Creek.
Building on a stream floodplain is basically like building in the stream itself and when the stream floods, it takes over the floodplain which is really part of the streambed. Modern building and zoning codes strictly regulate what can be built on the floodplain and floodplains are well mapped. Unfortunately, many buildings in Wassaic were built on the floodplain or in locations where the floodplain was filled in and the stream channelized with predictable results during heavy rainfall.
Some things can be built on floodplains, such as playgrounds.
Wassaic ball field and playground being flooded.
Nature Conspires on Wassaic,
April 16, 2007.
If several inches of rain fall over several days, the impact on streams may be minimal. However, if several inches of rain fall over a few hours very little of the rain will soak into the ground; most will run off. In 1938 some areas locally recorded 15 inches of rain in a short time. The Tenmile River flooded extensively. In August of 1955 two hurricanes, Connie and Diane, swept up the eastern coast of the United States. Connie saturated the ground and Diane furnished a near knockout punch, sending the Tenmile on a rampage again. Wassaic was flooded when the dam on man-made Lake Amenia failed (depending on which version of local history is to be believed) and sent a wall of water down Amenia Stream into Wassaic.
The storm of April 16-17, 2007 probably amounted to less than six inches of rain, so why did so much flooding take place? The heavy rain easily flowed down the steep slopes of the area. Leaves on trees slow down the impact of raindrops allowing the rain to soak in, but there were no leaves on the trees in mid-April. The forest soils on these steep, leafless slopes may not have thawed and frozen soils are nearly impermeable. The rain could not soak in; instead, it first flowed over the surface of the saturated ground, gathered into small streams called rills which joined to form streams which roared downhill into the larger streams.
Sheet flow occurs during heavy rain when rain can’t soak in.
Runoff quickly moved downhill forming many small streams.
Old logging roads enabled water to move quickly downhill.
Water poured down mountainside, crossed Rt. 22, and entered Wassaic Creek below village.
Wassaic Creek quickly overflowed onto the narrow floodplain between Old Rt. 22 and railroad bed.
Mid-Morning on April 16th, Wassaic
By 11:00 AM on April 16, it had stopped raining, both creeks in Wassaic had reached peak flow, and by noon they were beginning to slowly fall. A retaining wall on the stream bank by Pawling Corporation had been undermined and partially washed away. Some of the thirty -pound blocks making up the wall were found later about 500 feet downstream. No major debris or trees were washed down from Deep Hollow so no dams formed at the bridges in the village. Had this occurred, major flooding probably would have taken place. Relatively minor flooding of some residences had taken place along with road washouts both in the Wassaic area and Amenia. Dover Plains was hard hit along the floodplain of the Tenmile and the numerous back roads in that town. The Wassaic ball field and playground were underwater, but would soon recover with slight damage. It appeared as if the village of Wassaic had been mostly spared.
Wassaic Creek splashing over Nelson Road Bridge. One tree or large piece of debris lodging here would have caused major problems in the village. Water levels began to drop shortly after this picture was taken at about 11:00 AM on April 16th.
Pawling Corporation along Wassaic Creek at high water on April 16, 2007 at about 10:30 AM.
If water levels were dropping in the morning along Wassaic Creek, what happened in the afternoon?
Mid afternoon in Wassaic on April 16th. A surge of water came down Amenia Stream raising water Levels nearly three feet in a short period of time. Water flooded Old Route 22 in the village and flowed over the small green bridge in the center of town.
Green bridge in hamlet in the morning on April 16th. Water levels were falling.
Mid afternoon on April 16th: floodwaters surround Calsi’s store and submerge Old Route 22.
Even though it had stopped raining and water levels in streams were dropping, a flash flood occurred on Amenia Stream which caused severe flooding in Wassaic. Apparently, a large quantity of water was suddenly released from somewhere upstream. No one witnessed the origin of this flood but there are some clues.
Amenia Stream drains a large area north of Wassaic, crosses under Route 22 via a large box culvert near Silo Ridge golf course, and flows southward through a wide floodplain and wetland complex. There are only a few built-up areas along the way including the Metro North railroad complex but there are two small bridges that form choke points over the stream. One of these bridges, actually a culvert, is at Allen’s Sand and Gravel. Sometime during the storm, the culvert either clogged with debris or was not capable of accommodating the flow of water through it and a substantial lake of water began to form upstream. The bridge was intact in the morning of the 16th but water was flowing over and around it. At some point in the afternoon, the bridge and culvert were apparently swept away and a lot of water headed south into Wassaic, flooding the village.
Three views of the lake that formed behind the culvert on Amenia Stream at the Allen Sand and Gravel Site.
Approximate map of lake that formed behind culvert. Scale:1”≈ 750’ north Map from USGS 7.5 min series Amenia, NY Quad. 1984.
No one witnessed the breaching of the culvert but the existence of the lake behind the dammed culvert is well documented by photographs taken on the 16th. Photographs of the damage to the culvert and bridge were taken on the next day.
Three views of the washed out culvert and bridge taken the day after the flood. This bridge was rebuilt shortly after it washed away. Can the new bridge handle a flood any better than the old one? Or will history repeat itself?
Meter stick gives some scale to the amount of material washed away by flood.
Some of the fill material that served as a base for the culvert appears to be trash and debris.
Can this happen again? What’s next?
It’s easy to see that many factors combined at just the right time to cause the flood in Wassaic. It’s also easy to see that it could have been much worse. Weather related events are very difficult to predict and, even if humans could precisely predict where and when flooding will occur, how could you move a town out of harm’s way? Given the geographic location of Wassaic, it will always be subject to flooding. The human factors can be improved on. Good planning can significantly cut down on runoff and not building on floodplains or filling in wetlands will also help a lot. Constructing bridges and culverts that can adequately handle floodwaters is an obvious step that would protect downstream neighbors.
Citizen involvement can assure that as much as possible can be done to prevent flooding. Government agencies at every level only respond to their constituents when said constituents make their wishes known.
When will this repeat itself?
Flooding factors:
Heavy rainfall occurring over short period of time.
Steep slopes.
No leaves on trees.
Frozen ground.
Impermeable areas.


